Comprehensive measurement and analysis of multi-parameters from armored biological target under pistol impact / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the injury cases of armored biological target by bullet and its causes, and provide references for revealing the wound mechanism of armored human by bullet and the corresponding medical treatment. Methods A 60 kg live pig was selected as the biological target, and the testing physical quantity and specific location within the biological target were identified by reference to the vulnerability in the head and chest of the soldier with armor. Three rounds of 9 mm Bala Baerum pistols in 25 meter-range were shot, respectively, on the head and chest of the biological live target with armor, and the multi-mechanical parameters (acceleration, pressure, loads, etc.) that played an important role in blunt trauma of armored biological target under pistol impacts were measured. Results (1) Blunt injury to the head of the biological target by pistol generated negative pressure pulse inside the calvarium with far reaching effects, and pressure pulse appeared in the spine and carotid; (2) Blunt injury to the chest of the biological target by pistol caused high-G impact on the heart, with high pressure wave in the lungs. Conclusions The measurement results in this study provided the basis for quantitatively understanding the injury mechanism of the pistol impacted by live armored target.

Low- and high-dose hydrogen peroxide regulation of transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play both physiological and pathophysiological roles. Transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated genes expression and coordinates induction of chemoprotective proteins in response to physical and chemical stresses. The exact role of Nrf2 in cellular responses to different levels of oxidative stresses remains unknown.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were cultured and treated with 0 mmol/L, 0.125 mmol/L, 0.25 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/L, 1.0 mmol/L and 2.0 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide solution for 2 hours. Nrf2 gene expression was assayed by reverse transcription-PCR, Nrf2-ARE binding activity was assayed with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and localization of Nrf2 was detected with immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Low and moderate (0.125 mmol/L, 0.25 mmol/L and 0.5 mmol/L) doses hydrogen peroxide exposure of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells led to the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, increased activity of transcription regulation and up-regulation of ARE-medicated gene expression. In contrast, high doses of hydrogen peroxide (1 mmol/L, 2 mmol/L) exposure of the cells led to the nuclear exclusion of Nrf2, decreased activity transcription regulation and down-regulation of ARE-mediated gene expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Low and moderate doses of hydrogen peroxide play protective roles by increasing transcription activity of Nrf2, whereas high- dose hydrogen peroxide plays a deleterious role by decreasing transcription activity of Nrf2.</p>

Effect of substance P on the migration and differentiation of cultured epidermal stem cells to hair follicle in vitro / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of substance P (SP) on the migration and differentiation of epidermal stem cells (ESCs) to hair follicle, and its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ESCs were cultured in vitro, and confirmed by positive staining of K19 and integrin beta1 with immunohistochemistry. SP was added into the culture of ESCs which were labelled with 5-BrdU, and the cell cultures were divided into control, 10(-5) mol/L SP, 10(-6) mol/L SP, and 10(-7) mol/L SP groups according to the different doses of SP addition. Cell suspension (0.3 ml) containing SP was injected into the dermis in the back of nude mice. Repeated injection of the equal amount of cell suspension in the same place was carried out on 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after first injection. The cells in control group received the same treatment but without SP. The skin specimens in the area of cell culture injection and the normal skin remote from cell injection were harvested for the histological examination and hair follicle counting by immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscope 28 days after injections.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Hair follicles in scattered distribution were observed in 10(-5) mol/L SP group,but some of them were defective in development. Hypoplasic hair follicle and a few hair follicles with distinct structure were observed in 10(-5) mol/L SP group. Large amounts of hair follicles with distinct structure in deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue were observed in 10(-6) mol/L SP, 10(-7) mol/L SP groups, and some of them showed positive staining of brown BrdU in the hair root, and most of them showed positive staining of brown beta-catenin, but a few of them showed developmental defect. In contrast, hypoplasia of hair follicle underneath epidermis and deep layer of dermis with positive staining of brown BrdU and beta-catenin in epidermis were observed in control group. The number of hair follicles in 10(-6)mol/L SP, 10(-7) mol/L SP groups [(1.9 +/- 1.2 ), (1.3 +/- 0.8)] was obviously less than that in control group [(10. 5 +/- 1.2), P < 0.01].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SP can induce ESCs to migrate from the basal layer into hair follicle, and this effect is dependent on the SP concentration. SP can also elevate the expression of beta-catenin in ESCs,which induces its differentiation to hair follicles.</p>

Comparative study on effects of burn-blast combined injury and burn-firearm combined injury complicated with seawater immersion on vascular endothelial cells / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To comparatively study the effects and mechanisms of burn-blast combined injury and burn-firearm combined injury complicated with seawater immersion on vascular endothelial cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 40 healthy adult hybrid dogs of both sexes, weighing 12-15 kg, were used in this study. Randomly-selected 20 dogs were established as models of burn-blast combined injury (the burn-blast injury group) and the other 20 dogs as models of burn-firearm combined injury (the burn-firearm injury group). Then the wounds of all the dogs were immediately immersed in seawater for 4 hours, and then they were taken out from the seawater. Blood samples were withdrawn from the central vein of the dogs before injury, and at 4, 7, 10, 20, and 28 hours after injury to measure the circulating endothelial cells and the von Willebrand factor.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Circulating endothelial cells increased significantly at 4 hours after injury in all the dogs. But they reached peak at 7 hours after injury in the burn-blast injury group and at 28 hours after injury in the burn-firearm injury group. The changes of circulating endothelial cells in the burn-blast injury group were significantly different from those in the burn-firearm injury group at 4, 7, 20, and 28 hours after injury (P < 0.01). The von Willebrand factor reached peak at 4 hours after injury in the burn-blast injury group and at 28 hours in the burn-firearm injury group. The changes of von Willebrand factor in the burn-blast injury group were significantly different from those in the burn-firearm injury group at 4, 20, and 28 hours after injury (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In burn-blast injury combined with seawater immersion, the vascular endothelial cells changed most significantly at 4 hours or 7 hours after injury, while burn-firearm injury combined with seawater immersion have the same at 20 hours or 28 hours after injury.</p>

Pathological study of rabbits' femoral arteries subjected to gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate pathological characteristics of gunshot wounds concomitant seawater immersion in rabbits' femoral arteries.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups: simple gunshot-wound group (Group I, n = 10), gunshot wound with seawater immersion for 30 mins (Group II, n = 10), and 60 mins group (Group III, n = 10). Femoral arteries were impacted by 0.38 g steel spheres fired with a 7.62 mm rifle. After being wounded, rabbits in Groups II and III were immersed in seawater for 30 or 60 mins, but those in Group I were not. At 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 hours following injury, a 40 mm segment of the artery on each side of the gunshot point were excised and observed by light and electron microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patterns of arterial injuries were mainly contusion and transection. Completely transected artery was classified as primary-wound-tract area, contused area and shocked area. Compared with those in Group I, the primary-wound-tract and contused areas in Group II manifested obvious swelling in the arterial wall especially at the outside 2/3 of the media. Vacuolar structures were often seen in smooth muscle cells of the media. Intercellular space among the smooth muscle cells were filled with homogeneous acidophilic substances. Deep rugae among endothelial cells flattened or rugal folds lost their longitudinal orientation, and marked fibrin and platelet deposition were noticed. No significant difference was detected between Group II and III. The pathological changes in the shocked area were similar in 3 groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For gunshot wounds concomitant seawater immersion in rabbits' femoral arteries, there was a marked swelling of cells and intercellular space in primary-wound-tract area and contusion area. The influence of these pathological changes on surgical reparation deservers further study.</p>

Surgical treatment for rabbits' femoral arteries subjected to gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the surgical treatment methods and evaluate the outcome of gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion in rabbits' femoral arteries.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred healthy New Zealand white rabbits (either sex, 3.14 kg+/-0.61 kg in weight) were randomly divided into a seawater immersion group (n=50) and a simple injury group (n=50). The unilateral femoral arteries of all the rabbits were injured by 0.38 g steel spheres with velocity of 600-800 m/s fired by a 7.62 mm rifle. The rabbits in the seawater immersion group were immersed in seawater (saline content of 2.54%, pH 8.2-8.4, and at 21 degrees C) for 60 minutes but those in the simple injury group were not. After the injured segment (observed by naked eyes) of the femoral artery was excised, the blood flow restoration was reconstructed by direct end-to-end anastomosis, reversed autogenous venous grafting or cryopreserved arterial allografting, according to the length of the arterial defects. At 24 hours, and 7, 14 and 21 days after operation, the blood flow was examined. Operative exploration was performed for the animals with partly or fully obstructed blood flow. The tissues around the anastomosis sites and the grafts were harvested for pathological observation under a light microscope and an electron microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the rabbits with completely transected injury, the unobstructed rates in the first 3 weeks after operation were 80.00% in the seawater immersion group and 86.67% in the single injury group, and no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.1). In the rabbits with arterial contusion injury, the unobstructed rates in the first 3 weeks after operation were 86.67% in the seawater immersion group and 82.35% in the single injury group, and no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.1). Most thrombosis occurred in the first operative week. Atypical endothelial cells were detected at the anastomosis sites at the first operative week, and the anastomosis sites were lined with endothelial cells in 3 weeks postoperatively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>During the surgical treatment for gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion, resection of the grossly-injured artery and routine artery reconstruction can obtain satisfactory outcome. Homologous artery is a kind of vascular graft with certain applied value.</p>

Effects of substance P on granulation tissue fibroblasts proliferation and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the proliferation-promoting effect of sensory neuropeptide substance P (SP) on the cultured granulation tissue fibroblasts in vitro and its regulative effect on the gene expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The proliferation-promoting effect of cultured granulation tissue fibroblasts was observed by means of MTT; the regulative effect of SP on gene expression of fibroblast bFGF by RT-PCR. The time and dose-efficiency relations were also observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a significant proliferation-promoting effect of SP on the cultured granulation tissue fibroblasts in vitro in a remarkable dose-dependent fashion. However, bFGF antibody only partly exerted its inhibitive effect. SP could induce the bFGF mRNA expression of the fibroblasts at the 3rd and 6th hour (P < 0.01). SP could promote the bFGF mRNA expression of the fibroblasts in the concentration of 10(-9) - 10(-5) mol/L and peaked in the concentration of 10(-7) mol/L.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SP has a significant proliferation-promoting effect on the granulation tissue fibroblasts, which is correlated with SP inducing bFGF mRNA expression of fibroblasts.</p>

Effect of sensory neuropeptide substance P on the differentiation of cultured epidermal stem cells in vitro / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of sensory neuropeptide substance P (SP) on the differentiation of cultured epidermal stem cells (ESC) in vitro,with in vitro cultured ESC as the platform.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ESC from newborn Wistar rats were isolated, purified by repeated passages in culture. SP was added for stimulation when ESC clone grew. Immunohistochemistry staining with K14 antibody, and flow cytometry (FCM) was performed at 0, 24th, 48th, 72nd, 96th, 144th, 192nd, 240th, 288th, 336th, 384th, 432nd post differentiation hours (PDH) to identify the cell groups and to detect if there were transient amplifying cells (TAC) among the cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ESC in culture formed large colonies after SP treatment with positive staining for K14, indicating that they were TACs. The results of FCM indicated that when ESC were stimulated by SP, TAC colony formation occurred and the cell number increased in a constant speed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ESC could differentiate into TAC by neuropeptide SP induction, and the number of ESC kept on a certain level during the process.</p>

Regulative effects and significance of substance P on the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor of granulation tissue fibroblasts in vitro / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the regulative effects and significance of neuropeptide substance P (SP) on the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) of granulation tissue fibroblasts in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A local aseptic inflammation was induced by injection of formaldehyde in rats, and its granulation tissue was cultured. RT-PCR was employed to observe expression of bFGF mRNA after inducement of SP at different concentrations and time points in the granulation tissue, and western blot to assay expression of bFGF protein.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of bFGF mRNA was markedly increased significantly 3 and 6 hours after inducement with SP in 10(-7) mol/L, compared with control group (P < 0.01). The expression of bFGF protein was markedly higher than the control group after 12 hours, and it reached the peak at the 24th hour and declined gradually after 48 hours. SP at concentrations of 10(-9) - 10(-5) mol/L could significantly promote the expression of bFGF mRNA, and that at 10(-8) - 10(-5) mol/L induce the expression of bFGF protein. Both expressions reached the peak when SP concentration was 10(-7) mol/L (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SP can induce the expressions of bFGF mRNA and bFGF protein of granulation tissue fibroblasts in vitro, which may possess an important significance in wound healing.</p>

Effect of substance P on gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 and its receptors in rat's fibroblasts / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of substance P (SP) on gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1), transforming growth factor receptor-1 (TGFR-1) and transforming growth factor receptor-2 (TGFR-2) in fibroblasts cultured in vitro from rat's granulation tissues.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The fibroblasts from the granulation tissues in the skeletal muscle of rat's hind limbs injured by formaldehyde were cultured in vitro. When different concentrations (10(-9)-10(-5) mol/L) of SP were added into the culture medium, the changes of gene expression of TGFbeta-1, TGFR-1 and TGFR-2 in the cultured fibroblasts were observed with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at different intervals (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after incubation).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The gene expression of TGFbeta-1, TGFR-1 and TGFR-2 in the fibroblasts cultured from rat's granulation tissues was up-regulated by SP. The peak level of the mRNA expression was found at 10(-8) mol/L SP and the up-regulation effect was not found at 10(-5) mol/L and 10(-6) mol/L. The peak levels of gene expression of TGFbeta-1, TGFR-1 and TGFR-2 in the fibroblasts treated with SP were achieved at 6 and 12 hours, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SP has up-regulation effect on the gene expression of TGFbeta-1, TGFR-1 and TGFR-2 in fibroblasts from rat's granulation tissues in vitro, and the effect is related to different stimulating concentrations of SP. It may be concerned with proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts and formation of scar tissues during wound healing.</p>

Surgical management and its therapeutic effect of gunshot wounded femor al arteries immered in seawater in rabbits / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To investigate the surgical management of a gun shot wound of blood vessels and immersied, and evaluate its primary effect. Methods　100 rabbits were divided randomly into simple wounded group(SWG,n=50) and seawater immersion group(SIG,n=50).F emoral arteries were impacted by 0.38 gram steel spheres with velocity of 600 ～800 meters per second fired by 7.62 mm rifle. Animals in SIG were immersed in artificial seawater (pH 8.2～8.4, salinity 25.4,temperature 21℃) for 60 min, o f which those in SWG were spared. Grossly injuried artery was excised and restor ation of blood flow was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis or reversed au togenous venous grafting or cryopreserved arterial allografting. At 24 h,7,1 4,21 days after operation, blood flow was examined by Doppler ultrasonic detecti on and part of anastomotic sites and graft were collected for pathological obser vation. Results　In completely transected injury, the patency in SIG was 80.00%,while that in SWG was 86.67% in the first 3 weeks. In arterial c ontused injury ,patency in SIG was 86.67%,and that in SWG was 82.35% at the same time. Thrombosis occurred mostly in the first postoperative week. Atypical endo thelial cells were found at the anastomosis sites in the first postoperative week, and the anastomosis sites were lined with endothelium in 3 weeks postopera tively. Conclusion　Early curative effect could be obtained. Whe n grossly injuried artery is excised and followed by a routine surgical procedur e in the treating gunshot wounds immersed in seawater.

Surgical management and its therapeutic effect of gunshot wounded femor al arteries immered in seawater in rabbits / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To investigate the surgical management of a gun shot wound of blood vessels and immersied, and evaluate its primary effect. Methods　100 rabbits were divided randomly into simple wounded group(SWG,n=50) and seawater immersion group(SIG,n=50).F emoral arteries were impacted by 0.38 gram steel spheres with velocity of 600 ～800 meters per second fired by 7.62 mm rifle. Animals in SIG were immersed in artificial seawater (pH 8.2～8.4, salinity 25.4,temperature 21℃) for 60 min, o f which those in SWG were spared. Grossly injuried artery was excised and restor ation of blood flow was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis or reversed au togenous venous grafting or cryopreserved arterial allografting. At 24 h,7,1 4,21 days after operation, blood flow was examined by Doppler ultrasonic detecti on and part of anastomotic sites and graft were collected for pathological obser vation. Results　In completely transected injury, the patency in SIG was 80.00%,while that in SWG was 86.67% in the first 3 weeks. In arterial c ontused injury ,patency in SIG was 86.67%,and that in SWG was 82.35% at the same time. Thrombosis occurred mostly in the first postoperative week. Atypical endo thelial cells were found at the anastomosis sites in the first postoperative week, and the anastomosis sites were lined with endothelium in 3 weeks postopera tively. Conclusion　Early curative effect could be obtained. Whe n grossly injuried artery is excised and followed by a routine surgical procedur e in the treating gunshot wounds immersed in seawater.